Naive Practice You stop improving when the thing you do becomes automated and you repeat mindlessly for years. Purposeful Practice - specific , well-defined goal , targeting some aspect of the skill. - focused , paying full attention - feedback, you know when you are right / wrong in a timely manner. - stetching out of comfort zone, not too much . If you are stuck, generally , the solution is try differently instead of try harder. It is natural when you are stuck . But it is temporary. - hard work and not fun. Mental Representation -mental structure that represents your understanding of something. Something that we just 'know' like riding a bicycle. -domain specific . No such thing as developing a general skill. - it bypass short-term memory limitation and allow processing of large amount of information quickly Deliberate Practice -requires a field that is well established. - requires a teacher who can provide specialize training.